THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL INSTITUTE THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO
#9
9.CADASTRAL REPORT,1197
IN 1197 were made, by order of the sho-gun's government, complete reports by the provincial
officials of the condition of control of the cultivated land in the kuni of Satsuma, Osumi, and
Hiuga, showing, in all the divisions in each kuni, the extent of the public districts and private
domains, and the names of the lords of the latter and of the holders or chief officials or agents in
both. These priceless documents, known as dzu-den cho, land-registers, together with similar reports
of this period from a few other kuni, have fortunately been preserved, and throw a flood of light
upon the general institutional life of Japan and the local condition in the various provinces in the
early Kamakura age. It will suffice here to quote only those parts of the Satsuma dzu-den cho that
relate to the districts with which we are chiefly concerned.
All the existing copies of the report of this kuni have been derived from a transcription made in
1881 from a copy, now apparently lost, which was at the time kept at the prefectural government
at Kagoshima. The copies all betray identical marks of the partial loss and the careless arranging of
the sheets which must have characterized the prefectural copy. The latter bore the date 1334 as
the time of copying from the report of 1197, but it may never be known whether or not a copy
was made in 1334 direct from a manuscript of 1197, and whether the prefectural copy was the
manuscript of 1334 or its subsequent transcription.
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It is also important to note that the original report of 1197 was itself, according to its own state-
ment, based upon an imperfect restoration of an earlier survey which had been lost during a local
disturbance in 1186.
The following partial translation is based upon the text contained in the Ta-bumi, vol.7. This
valuable manuscript work, in nine volumes, consists of land reports which were copied from various
sources with his own hand by the late indefatigable scholar, Kosugi On-son. The collection is now
owned by Rev.Sato Ten-Zho, of Tokyo. Notes in red, apparently copied from the original at
Kagoshima by the copyist of 1881 and then transcribed by Kosugi five years later, are written into
the text; these notes may have been added in 1334, the date the Kagoshima copy bore, or perhaps
later. The entire text with the notes has been printed in the Shi-seki shu-ran, XXVII (Tokyo,
1902), but this edition needs to be compared carefully, as has been done here, with the more correct
text in the Ta-bumi.
"The Kuni of Satsuma
reports. A complete land-register of the Kuni.
"Total, 4010 cho1 7 tan;1 of which:
.........................................................................................................
"Taki kori, 255 cho, yose-gori2 of Shimadzu sho, of which:
church domain,3 524 cho, of An-raku Zhi,5- ge-shi, the priest An-Zho; of which6
Yuta-ura, 18 cho, confiscated7 domain [for the Regent],8,-
ji-to, Chiba no suke,9
ge-shi, Zaicho10 Morotaka;
temple11 domain, 30 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest Kyo-So;
church12 domain, 30 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest An-Gyo;
Public domains,13 14214 cho, confiscated7 domain [for the Regent],8
ji-to, Chiba no suke; of which:
Wakayoshi,15 36 cho,- original gun-zhi, Yakushi-maru;
Tokiyoshi,15 18 cho,-* * *16- myo-shu, Zaicho10 Michitomo;
Tokuyoshi,15 2 cho,-* * *16- myo-shu, Numada Taro Sanehide,
resident in Higo kuni;
Yoshi-eda,15 19 cho,-* * *16- myo-shu, Zaicho10 Morotaka;
Takemitsu,15 33 cho 5 tan,-* * *16- myo-shu, Zaicho10 Morotaka;
Saburo-Maru,15 10 cho,-* * *16- myo-shu, Zaicho10 Tane-akira;
Mantoku,15,17 15 cho,-* * *18- myo-shu, Zaicho10 Morotaka;
Kusamichi Mantoku,15,17 15 cho, disputed by Shimadzu cho,-
myo-shu, Ki daibu Masaie;
Okawa,15,17 3cho 5 tan, disputed by shimadzu sho; Mantoku.19
"Togo beppu,20 53 cho 2 tan; of which:
church domain, 8 cho 5 tan, of Mi-roku Zhi,-
ge-shi, the priest An-Gyo;
temple domain, 2 cho, domain of Sho Hachiman,-
ge-shi, Zaicho10 Michitomo;
Public domains 42 cho 7 tan, confiscated domains [for the Regento],-
ji-to Chiba no suke; of which:
Tokiyoshi, 15 cho,21- go-shi, myo-shu, Zaicho Michitomo;
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Tokusue, 4 cho,21- myo-shu, Numada Taro Sanehide,
resident in Higo kuni;
Yoshi-eda, 7 cho, yose-gori of Shimadzu sho,-
myo-shu, Zaicho Morotaka;
Wakayoshi, 6 cho, yose-gori of the same sho,-
myo-shu, Ko-daibu Kaneyasu;
Tokiyoshi, 10 cho 7 tan, yose-gori of the same sho,-
go-shi, Zaicho Michitomo.
"Satsuma kori, 351 cho 3 tan; of which:
church domain,22 26 cho 8 tan, of An-raku Zhi,-
ge-shi, the priest An-Zho;
church domain,23 5 cho 8 tan, of Mi-roku Zhi,-
ge-shi, the priest An-Gyo;
temple domain,24 1 cho 7 tan, among the five temples in possession of the Fu,25-
ge-shi, gun-,26 Tadatomo;
Public domains, 317 cho; of which:
Nari-eda, 86 cho,- gun-zhi, Tadatomo;
Mitsutomi, 49 cho, 20 cho being Mantoku,27-
myo-shu, Arakawa Taro Tanefusa;
Kore-eda, 9 cho,- myo-shu, Zaicho Iehiro;
Tokiyoshi 69 cho, yose-gori of Shimadzu sho,-
myo-shu Zaicho Michitomo,
ji-to, Uemon hyoe no zho,28
Wakamatsu, 50 cho29- myo-shu, Zaicho Tane-akira,
ji-to, the same as above;
Nagatoshi, 18 cho, yose-gori of the same sho,-
myo-shu, Zaicho Tane-akira,
ji-to, the same as above;
Yoshimidzu, 12 cho, yose-gori of the same sho,-
myo-shu, Sakida Goro, the kyo-kan
shi30 of this kuni,
ji-to the same as above;
Kwado-Maru, 14 cho, yose-gori of the same sho,-
ben-zai shi of Shimadzu sho;
Miyako-ura, 10 cho, disputed by Shimadzu sho,-
Mantoku.
"Miyasato go, 70 cho of which:
temple domain,31 7 cho 5 tan, of An-raku Zhi,-
ge-shi, Zaicho Michitomo;
temple domain,32 1 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi , the priest Kyo-So;
Public domains, 61 cho 5 tan, yose-gori of Shimadzu sho,-
go-shi,Ki Roku-daibu Masa-ie,
ji-to, Uemon hyoe no zho.28
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"Iriki in, 92 cho 2 tan; of which:
church domain,33 2 tan, of An-raku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest An-Zho;
church domain,34 2 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest An-Gyo;
temple domain, 15 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, Zaicho Tane-akira;
Public domains, 75 cho, yose-gori of Shimadzu sho, confiscated domain,-
ji-to, Chiba no suke; of which:
portion for the ben-zai shi, 55 cho,- original ji-to, Zaicho Tane-akira;
portion as myo of the gun-[zhi], 20 cho,- original gun-zhi, Zaicho Michitomo.
"Ke-to in , 112 cho yose-gori of Shimadzu sho, confiscated domain,-
ji-to, Chiba no suke; of which:
Tomimitsu, 54 cho,- original gun-zhi, Kumado-Maru;
Kuramaru, 39 cho,- original myo-shu, Takigiki Taro
Michifusa;
Tokiyoshi, 15 cho,- original myo-shu, Zaicho Michitomo;
Tokusue, 13 cho,- original myo-shu, Numada Taro
Sanehide, resident in Higo kuni.
...............................................................................................................................
"The land report of the aforementioned [places] was lost during the disturbance
caused by the uprising of Bungo kwa-zha,35 in the years of Bun-ji,36 therefore, [the
matter] is hereby briefly reported [anew].
"Ken-kyu 8y. 6m.-d. [June-July 1197].
"The vice zho, Fujiwara no Ason,37 (monogram).
"The vice zho, Tomo,38 (monogram).
"The dai sa-kwan, Okura,39 (monogram).
"The vice [zho], Osaki,40 (monogram).
"The moku-dai, Fujiwara uma no zho, (monogram)."
1 According to the system of measurement in use from the eighth century till the end of the
sixteenth, 1 cho comprised 10 tan, each tan consisting of 360 bu; a bu was a square area measuring
6 shaku each side, or 36 square shaku in all. Since the land survey of Japan ordered by Toyotomi
Hideyoshi about 1590 (No. 149), the tan has consisted of 300 bu, instead of 360, so that the
present tan and cho are five-sixths of the former units. At the same time, an intermediary unit
called se, of 30 bu, is used; and the bu is now usually called tsubo (1 cho10 tan100se
3000 tsubo). A shaku was, as it still is, 11.9303 inches (.30303 meter); the other units stated in
their Occidental equivalents are:
Bu (now tsubo)3.9540 square yards (.03306 are), or approximately 4 square yards;
tan, formerly .2941 acre (11.9016 ares), or approximately .3 acre;
now .2451 acre (9.91736 ares), or approximately 1/4 acre;
cho, formerly 2.9408 acres (1.19016 hectares), or approximately 3 acres;
now 2.4506 acres (.991736 hectare), or approximately 2 1/2 acres.
One square mile would contain about 217 cho 6 tan of the earlier system of measurement. Cf. the
works on weights and measures by Ogiu, Kariya, and Mogami, edited in Ni-hon kei-zai so-sho,
III and XXX.
2 Apparently this is an error originating in the copy at the prefectural office, for a yose-gori
coule not contain church and temple domains. The phrase "yose-gori of Shimadzu sho" must belong
elsewhere. See the revision attempted below.
3 "Koku-bun Zhi,"-a note in red.
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Koku-bun zhi were provincial Buddhist churches supported by the government. Some of them
had been established sporadically before 741, when by an imperial decree every kuni which had
not yet done so was ordered to erect and maintain a church for priests and another for nuns.
Koku-bun zhi were usually built near the seats of the provincial governments. The one at Satsuma
is said to have been founded in 717 (see No.25); it stood near the kuni government, and not far
from the Niita temple.
It was not long before many of the Koku-bun zhi were eclipsed in influence by privately endowed
churches and monasteries, and gradually decayed and passed out of existence. The nunneries dis-
appeared the sooner. What few Koku-bun zhi have remained to this day have for centuries ceased
to be official churches of the kuni in which they are situated.
4 A note in red says correctly that the number should be 53.
5 An-raku zhi was the Buddhist church that was closely connected with the Shinto temple
Tenman at Da-zai Fu, in Chiku-zen kuni. Koku-bun zhi of Satsuma was related to An-raku zhi.
See No.25.
6 Some omission in the copy occurs here.
7 This and other domains "confiscated" had probably been controlled by the Taira and their
followers now fallen and dispossessed.
8 The honorific go is used here and elsewhere where the domains of th Konoe Regent are
mentioned.
9 See No.8, n.47.
10 See No.8, n.65.
11 A note in red: "Hachiman Niita temple."
12 A note in red: "Go-dai in."
13 "Public domains" (ko-ryo), as distinguished from sho and other domains under private
control, literally meant fiscal land, whose taxes should go to the public treasury; but in fact these
lands had become partly private in their financial obligations, at least in this kuni, almost without
exception; thus, yose-gori are included among the ko-ryo, as also some domains partially controlled
by Sho-Hachiman temple.
14 An error for 152.
15 Names of myo-den; cf. No.7.
16 The original copy was damaged here. These signs (* * *) will always indicate, in this volume,
worm-eaten or otherwise mutilated portions of documents. A note in red suggests that probably it
was repeated in these lines that the ji-to was Chiba no suke. The present editor holds another view;
see his revision attempted below.
17 Mantoku myo were domains of the Shinto temple Sho-Hachiman, at Kokubu, Osumi, now
officially styled Kagoshima Zhin-gu. Its title to part of the taxes from these three myo was dis-
puted by Shimadzu sho, which probably claimed the same for itself. See No.55, n.3.
18 The missing words were probably the same as in the next two lines, namely "disputed by
Shimadzu sho."
19 There evidently are several errors in the text up to this point; nor do the figures tally with
the totals. The editor has ventured to make the following revised text, in which the discrepancy in
the figures will be found to be less than in the original transcription:
"Taki kori, 255 cho; of which:
church domain, 53 cho, of which:
[35 cho], of An-raku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest An-Zho;
Yuta-ura, 18 cho, yose-gori of Shimadzu sho, confiscated domain,-
ji-to, Chiba no suke;
church domain, 30 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest An-Gyo;
temple domain, 30 cho, of Mi-roku Zhi,- ge-shi, the priest Kyo-So;
Public domains, 142 cho; confiscated domains,- ji-to, Chiba no suke; of which:
Wakayoshi, 36 cho [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],- original gun-zhi,Yakushi-Maru;
Tokiyoshi, 18 cho [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],- myo-shu, Zaicho Michitomo,
Tokusue, 2 cho [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],- myo-shu, Numada Taro Sanehide,
resident in Higo kuni;
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Yoshi-eda, 19 cho [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],- myo-shu, Zaicho Morotaka;
Takemitsu, 33 cho 5 tan [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],-myo-shu, Zaicho Morotaka;
Saburo-Maru, 10 cho [yose-gori of Shimadzu sho],- myo-shu, Zaicho Tane-akira;
Mantoku, 15 cho [domain of Sho-Hachiman], [disputed by Shimadzu sho],-
myo-shu, Zaicho Morotaka;
Kusamichi Mantoku, 15 cho [domain of Sho-Hachiman], disputed by Shimadzu sho,-
myo-shu, Ki daibu Masa-ie;
Okawa Mantoku, 3 cho 5 tan [domain of Sho-Hachiman], disputed by Shimadzu sho,-
myo-shu, . . .]"
(There is an error of 10 cho somewhere among the "public domains.")
20 Beppu, locally pronounced Biu, literally, "separete charter," may mean an area of land within
a larger district which at one time received a special treatment of its financial affairs because of a
separate charter which was granted to it, presumably, by the provincial government. The origin and
the nature of the separate status may not have been the same in all instances; the name beppu may
often have survived that status and remained with the name of the locality, or even replaced it.
Prof. Nakada Kaoru's definition of the beppu (Kokka gak-kwai zasshi, XX, iv, 60) appears too
restricted for general application.
21 "Yose-gori of Shimadzu sho" was probably omitted at copying.
22 "Koku-bun zhi"-a note in red.
23 "Go-dai in,"-a note in red.
24 "Nakazhima temple,"-a note in red. See next note.
25 Fu means Da-zai Fu (cf. prefatory remark to No.6). The five Shinto temples, including the
revenues from their domains, seem to have been controlled by the Fu. Nakazhima temple might
perhaps be Kushida temple in Hakata, for this region had been called Nakazhima. Among the other
four temples were Kaimon, on the south coast of Satsuma, and Isachisa, which is unidentifiable; the
other two are unknown.
26 An error for gun-zhi.
27 A domain of Sho-Hachiman; cf. n.17.
28 The bearer of this official title is Shimadzu Tadahisa. See No.6, n.15. U, right; e-mon,
another division of the imperial guard.
29 "Yose-gori of Shimadzu sho," was omitted at copying.
30 Literally, commissioner to resist disobedience, a sort of constable.
31 "Tenman temple,"-a note in red.
32 "Niita Hachiman temple,"-a note in red.
33 "Koku-bun zhi,"-a note in red.
34 "Go-dai in,"-a note in red.
35 A note in red refers to a document dated early 1186 in which occur the names "the insurgents
Bungo kwa-zha Yoshizane, and Daibu Yoshisuke." Kwa-zha was one who had come of age and
been duly capped; see No.134.
36 1185-1190.
37 Probably, Zaicho Iehiro,-a note in red.
38 Probably, Zaicho Morotaka,-a note in red.
39 Probably, Zaicho Tane-akira,-a note in red.
40 Probably, Zaicho Michitomo,-a note in red.