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#18 18. CONDITION OF LAND IN IRIKI IN, 1250 (Iriki-in docs.; also KK, I.) THIS polyptyque or terrier, as it might be styled, giving details of land and dues in nine mura, grouped in five sections, of Iriki in, was compiled probably in connection with the last general will of Jo-Shin, (No.17). From its very nature, the report is of prime importance for the student of the institutions, not only of Iriki, but also of Shimadzu sho as a whole, and inferentially of the entire feudal Japan of this period. The document fairly bristles with problems and suggestions of great value, but the discovery of these shall be the reward only of an intensive study of this in con- junction with other materials contained in this volume. The document is difficult even for a painstaking reader, not only because it requires a study at once intensive and comparative, but also because its contents are obscure at some points, falsely written at others, and generally set forth in an inconvenient order. The places where either the kana characters are undecipherable or the meaning is doubtful are marked thus, a- -b. The errors in the order in which the sheets of the original were pasted together have been rectified in this translation, the editor believes, successfully; the original wrong order is indicated by the sequential number of each sheet at its beginning under a dotted line. It will be readily seen that the figures as they appear contain several errors, due doubtless in part to careless writing. It is necessary to explain the units of measurement of land areas and of volumes of dry measure which are here employed. As regards the former, the units cho, tan, and bu, have already been defined, (No.9, n.1). Another unit, jo, is introduced here: one jo was a fifth of a tan, namely, 72 bu, or approximately 285 square yards or .06 acre, or 2.4 ares. The editor thinks that the jo was derived from the older unit, shiro, which was a fiftieth of a tan,-that the two characters meaning ten shiro written in a cursive form resembled the one character jo, and the latter gradually came in use as a convenient unit; and that this is the reason why, even after this usage had been estab- lished, the measures one, two, three, and four jo still continued to be written in conventional char- acters abridged from cursive forms meaning respectively, 10, 20, 30, and 40 shiro. One koku of volume, of dry substance, which has varied in different ages, was at the time of this document about 4.8948 bushels, or, approximately, 4.9 bushels; (in the present measure, 5.15238 bushels). One koku was equal to 10 to, or 100 sho, the lower decimal units below sho being go (a P137 tenth of a sho),shaku (a tenth of a go), etc. A good account of the history of the dry measure in Japan is found, among others, in Tamaidzumi Dairyo's Muromachi zhi-dai no den-so, 62-72. See also, references given in No.9, n.1. In the original, the names of all the units are repeated after the numbers; as, for example, 25 cho 4 tan 3 jo, and 6 koku 8 to 7 sho; but in this translation, the units of areas are omitted, and the figures are written with decimal points between numbers of the different units: thus, 4.5.1/2 is 4 cho 5 tan 1/2 jo; 0.2.0 is 2 tan; and 0.0.3 is 3 jo. The quantities of rice are put in italics, and the koku is used as the unit: thus, 70. is 70 koku; 6.4 is 6 koku 4 to; and 0.089 is 8 sho 9 go. ................................................................................................................... (Manuscript sheet 1) "This is the table [of lands] and the distribution of [dues in] the various myo in Iriki in." "A TABLE of lands of the various mura in Iriki in, in the 2nd year Ken-cho; also dis- tribution of rice1 for the ryo-ke2 and the kuni-governor. "Total.3 "KUSUMOTO and HISA-KUKUCHI. "In all, 25.4.3, of which 4.0.0 is henceforth assigned to Kashiwa-zhima. "Remaining ta, 21.4.3, of which: 0.0.3, total failure [of crop]; 0.2.0,a-brushwood land for the smith;-b 1.6.3, laid waste; 0.2.0, demesne;4 0.3.0, exempted for5 a-servitors;-b 0.6.4 1/2, church ta. "Remaining ta, 18.3.1 1/2, of whichi: failure [of crop], 9.0.4 1/2; in cultivation, 9.3.4, of which: 0.5.0, ta granted to the deputy ji-to; 0.1.1, ta granted to Hime go-zen;6 1.0.1/2, in cultivation, ta granted to Kuro; 0.6.4, in cultivation, share [of this district] of the 1.7.0 of exempted ta;7 0.2.1, demesne of the sho; 0.0.2, ta of the ji-su.8 "Remaining ta in cultivation, taxable,9 6.8.1, of which: the ji-to's rice, the share of this place, 6.8.3; also 0.385 is the ji-to's income. "Dues to the kuni: from Shin Isshiki,10 0.7.3 1/2,-rice due, 1.155; from 0.3.0, assessed at 0.22 per tan,-0.66, to the kuni; from the remainder of the original ta, 5.7.3,-14.3, to the kuni; at 0.25 per tan. Total dues to the kuni, 18.71. "In [the whole of] Iriki in, the rice for the kuni-governor is 92 and the rice for the ryo-ke, 70, whereof the share of Kusumoto and Hisa-kukuchi is: P138 the ryo-ke rice, 10.134; the kuni-governor's rice, 15.128; the ji-to's income, with addition of the surplus of the kuni-governo's rice, 11.802. ......................................................................................................... (Manuscript sheet 3) "KURANO mura. "In all, 21.0.2, of which. 1.9.0, laid waste; 0.1.1/2, total failure; 0.2.0, demesne; 0.3.1, temple ta. "Remaining ta, 18.5.1/2, of which: failure, 9.5.3; in cultivation, 8.9.2 1/2, of which: 0.6.4, [this mura's] share of the 1.7.0 of exempted ta,7 0.5.0, ta granted to the deputy ji-to; 0.1.1 1/2, ta granted to Hime go-zen;6 0.2.1, demesne4 of the sho. "Remaining ta in cultivation, taxable,9 7.4.1, whose share of the ji-to's rice, 7.42. "Dues to the kuni-governor: share of Shin Isshiki,10 1.0.3 1/2,-1.605; share of 2.1.1, assessed at .22 per tan,-4.666: this is for the kuni; share of 3.4.1 1/2, assessed at .2 per tan,-6.86: this is for the kuni; share of the remaining original ta, 0.8.0,-2., for the kuni. The original ta are assessed at .25 [per tan].11 Total dues to the kuni-governor, 15.129. "Of the rice for the kuni-governor, 92, and the rice for the ryo-ke, 70, [due from the whole of] Iriki in, the rice for the ryo-ke and the kuni-governor to be levied on Kurano mura is: the kuni-governor's rice, 14.514; the ryo-ke's rice, 9.367; the ji-to's income, with addition of the surplus of the kuni-governor's rice, 8.61. "NAKAMURA and SHO-KOMORI, with addition of parts of Soeda, To-no-hara, and Hisa-kukuchi. "In all, 4.0.3 1/2,12 of which: 3.3.0, laid waste; 0.6.4, total failure; 0.1.0, demesne;4 0.6.0, church ta; 0.3.0, temple ta; 0.4.0, exempted for a-servitors;-b 0.3.0, exempted for the shoe-maker. P139 "Remaining ta, 37.3.4 1/2, of which: failure, 21.0.0; in cultivation, 16.4.0, [of which]:- 1.3.3, [these mura's] share of the 3.4.0 of exempted ta; 0.4.2, demesne4 of the sho; 2.0.0, ta granted to lord Iya-zhiro; 0.2.0, exempted for the potter; 0.0.2, the ji-su's8 ta; 0.2.2 1/2, ta granted to Hime go-zen;6 1.0.0, ta granted to the deputy ji-to. "Remaining ta, in cultivation, taxable,9 11.1.1/2, whose share of the ji-to's rice, 11.11. "From * * *13 .2, of Shin Isshiki,10 for the kuni, 1.43; ............................................................................................................... (Manuscript sheet 2) from 2.2.1 1/2, assessed at .22 per tan, for the kuni,-4.906; from 1.4.2 1/2, assessed at .21 per tan, for the kuni,-3.45; from the remainder of the original ta, for the kuni,- 16.2. Total dues to the kuni,-30.986. "The ryo-ke's and the kuni-governor's rice to be assessed for Nakamura and Sho- komori: the kuni-governor's rice, 28.15; the ryo-ke's rice, 20.365; the ji-to's income, with addition of the surplus of the kuni-governor's rice, 16.471. "TO-NO-HARA mura. "In all, 42.9.4, of which:- 6.0.3, laid waste; 1.4.4, total failure; 0.3.1, exempted for a-servitors;-b 0.2.0, demesne;4 0.5.0, exempted for the smith; "Remaining ta, 34.4.1, of which:- failure 19.8.2, in cultivation, 14.9.3, [of which]: 1.3.3, [this mura's] share of the exempted ta,7 3.4.0; 2.8.0, failure 5.0.0, , ta granted to the deputy ji-to; 2.2.0, in cultivation 1.0.0, ta granted to Iya-goro; 1.0.0, ta granted to Iya-zhiro; 0.4.2, demesne4 of the sho; 0.2.2, ta granted to Hime go-zen;6 0.0.2, the ji-su's8 ta. P140 "Remaining ta, in cultivation, taxable,9 8.2.4 1/2, whose share of the ji-to's rice is 8.29. "From Shin Isshiki,10 1.5.0,-2.25, for the kuni: for each tan, rice for the ji-to, .10; for the ryo-ke, .05; for the kuni, .10;14 from 3.8.0, assessed at .23 per tan,-8.74, for the kuni; from 1.1.2 1/2, assessed at .22 per tan,-2.53, for the kuni; from 0.3.3, assessed at .21 per tan,-.756, for the kuni; from 1.0.1/2, assessed at .20 per tan,-2.2, for the kuni; from the remaining original ta, 0.4.3 1/2,-1.175, for the kuni; Total, 25.471, inclusive of the dues for the kuni from the granted ta.15 "The ryo-ke's and the kuni-governor's rice to be levied on To-no-hara mura:- the ryo-ke's rice, 17.644; for the kuni-governor, 18.845; the ji-to's income, 18.866, adding the balance of the kuni[dues]. "SOEDA, KIYOSHIKI, and ICHIINO mura.16 ............................................................................................................... (Manuscript sheet 4) "In all, 61.3.1, of which:- 2.8.4, laid waste; 0.8.3, total failure; 0.7.1, exempted for a-servitors;-b 0.2.0, demesne;4 0.7.0, exempted for the paper maker; 0.1.2, temple ta at Ichiino; 0.1.2 1/2, church ta at Soeda. "Remaining ta, 55.6.3 1/2, of which:- failure, 28.0.1; in cultivation, 27.6.2 1/2, of which: 16.2.1 1/2, ta in cultivation at Ichiino, whose share of the ji-to rice, 16.23. "Remaining ta, in cultivation, taxable, 11.4.1, of which; 1.3.3, in cultivation, being share of the 3.4.0 of exempted ta;7 1.0.0, ta granted to the deputy ji-to: 1.0.0, ta granted to Hei-zaburo; 0.2.2 1/2, ta granted to Hime go-zen;6 0.4.2, demesne of the sho; 0.1.1, temple ta; 0.0.2, church ta at Nakano. "Remaining ta in cultivation, taxable,9 7.2.1/2, whose share of the ji-to's rice, 7.21. "From Shin Isshiki,10 2.4.4 1/2, for the kuni,-3.735; from 1.9.4 1/2, assessed at .22 per tan, for the kuni,-4.356; P141 from 1.0.1, assessed at .23 per tan, for the kuni,-2.346; from 0.9.3 1/2, assessed at .20 per tan, for the kuni,-1.94; from the remaining original ta, 0.7.2 1/2, for the kuni,-1.875. Total for the kuni, 16.712. "The ryo-ke's and kuni-governor's rice to be levied on Soeda and Kiyoshiki:- the ryo-ke's rice, 12.49; the kuni-governor's rice, 15.363; the ji-to's income, with additiion of the surplus of the kuni-governor's rice, 17.639. .............................................................................................................. (Manuscript sheet 5) "The ta in the various mura in Iriki in, inclusive of Ichiino:- Total, 193.8.3 1/2, of which:- 15.8.0, laid waste; 3.2.1/2, total failure; 1.4.2, church ta; 0.7.3, temple ta; 0.2.0, a-brushwood land for the smith;-b 0.9.0, demesne;4 1.7.0, exempted for a-servitors;-b 0.7.0, exempted for the paper maker; 0.3.0, exempted for the shoe-maker; 0.5.0, exempted for the smith; 4.0.0, assigned to Kashiwa-zhima; total ta deducted from the actual land,17 29.5.2 1/2. "Remaining ta, total, 164.3.1, of which:- failure, 87.5.1/2; in cultivation, 76.8.0, of which:- ta in cultivation, 9.4.2, out of the 13.6.0, the share [of Iriki in] of the land exempted for the customary provision for Tsunemi and Miyatomi;7 ta in cultivation, 1.7.3, demesne4 of the sho; ta in cultivation, 0.2.2, the ji-su's8 ta; ta in cultivation, 0.0.2, church ta; ta in cultivation, 12.4.0, ta granted to persons. Total ta in cultivation deducted, 19.8.4. "Remaining ta, in cultivation, taxable, 56.9.1, of which:- 16.2.1 1/2, ta in cultivation at Ichiino, whose share of the ji-to rice, 16.23. "The ryo-ke's rice, 70.; the kuni-governor's rice, 92.; the ji-to's income, with addition of the surplus of the kuni-governor's rice, total, 72.913. "Ken-cho 2y., kanoe-inu, 12m. -d. [December 1250-January 1251]."
1 Rice-taxes. 2 Cf. No.6, n.14, and No.17, n.14. 3 A conventional beginning of statistical statements. 4 On tsukuri-da or tsuku-da; see No.15, n.3. Besides this class of demesnes, the text also men- P142 tions demesnes of the sho, (sho tsukuri-da). Both were demesnes of the sho, the only difference between the two kinds being that the former were fixed areas, but the latter were apparently from time to time apportioned out of the ta in actual cultivation. The editor considers that the very small size and the partially changeable character of the demesne, as are exemplified in this document, are points of fundamental importance regarding the sho or the predial fief as property. He has no space here to enlarge upon the causes of this phenomenon, or to point out the profound effects which the same causes have produced upon the land institutions of Japan of all ages. For one thing, from these root causes has issued the remarkable fact that neither a manorial organization of land nor the growth of any large class of servile tillers of the soil was ever possible in Japanese feudalism. The whole question will be presented in the editor's work on the feudal regime of South Kyushu, which is in preparation. (See Summary of Points, C-VII-a, b, c, above.) 5"Exempted for servitors" conveys the literal obscurity of the original expression, "service men." Men meant exemption, but a land which was men for a certain thing was exempted from the usual dues in favor of that particular thing; that is, the dues of the land were diverted to that special purpose, instead of being paid to the general treasury of the whole domain. The preposi- tion "for" has been employed to reproduce the singular use of the term men; these three tan owed dues which supported the serving men, but were otherwise free. In each sho or other domain, there were pieces of land which were men for various purposes; they were collectively called men- den, den being the Sinico-Japanese for ta. From this peculiar usage of the word men developed the custom, specially after 1600, of using it in the sense of the rate of taxation; for men had carried the double meaning of exemption and imposition,-exemption from the regular dues but imposition of dues for a special object, and from the latter meaning seems to have been derived, by a devious psychological process, the later sense as the rate of dues. 6The lord's daughter. 7Ta exempted for(men) some special customary appropriation in relation to the myo of Tsunemi and Miyatomi, were distributed in the five divisions of Iriki. Very likely the exemption was in favor of one or more religious institutions. Cf. No. 22. 8Ji-su is written in kana phonographs; it probably means "landholder," or, more precisely, holder of the landholder shiki. 9Jo, (not the same character as the unit of land measurement), literally, fixed or determined, was a technical term meaning land on which the regular dues were chargeable; this class of land was usually stated, in a catalogue, as is exemplified in this document, after lands exempted for(men) special purposes or granted(kyu) to persons had been enumerated and deducted. Granted(kyu) ta might, however, owe some dues, as is shown in the case of To-no-hara below (note 15). 10Literally, "new one species," meaning land newly cultivated and specially assigned for one exclusive financial purpose, whatever it might be. But often such was only the original condition of the land, which later might be submitted to several obligations. See the case of To-no-hara below (note 14). 11This sentence is marked in the original with a line around it. 12This is the most glaring of the numerical errors of this document. The correct extent is 43.0.31/2. 13Worm-eaten, but apparently 9 tan 21/2 jo. 14This Isshiki(exclusive) land was really not isshiki, (cf. note 10). 15The granted(kyu) ta here, 7.2.2 in extent, owed about 1 to per tan to the kuni. Cf. note 9. 16This district, particularly Kiyoshiki, may be termed Iriki proper. 17Shita-ji: not a proper use of the term. See No. 115, n. 2.


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