#154
           154.   RECORDS OT THE TO-ZHO and SHI-RYO, 1756-c.1800
THROUGHOUT the Tokugawa period, the family of the Iriki-in continued to adopt men of the
Shimadzu as heirs, when its lords had no male issue.   Thus were the twentieth lord Shigekata (d.
1675), the twenty-first, Norishige (1682-1699), the twenty-second, Shigenori (1671-1735), the
twenty-fourth, Sadakatsu (1736-1781), and the twenty-seventh Sadatsune (1793-1851), all kin of
the baron.   In the following document B, dating some time after 1805, Sadatsune will be found
enumerated among the lords related to the ruling stock.1   This intimate relation by blood was prob-
ably the reason why the house of the Iriki-in, with its memories of the past, remained subservient
to the Shimadzu and meekly submitted to the reductions of its fortune which were, as will be seen
below, inflicted upon it by the latter.   It may, of course, be pointed out that the Iriki-in, like all
other ryo-shu under the puissant baron at Kagoshima, had no choice but to acquiesce in all arrange-
ments he chose to impose upon them.   It must not be forgotten, however, that it was probably con-
sidered likely that restraining measures would stir less animosity in the baron's own kin than in a
vassal totally unrelated to him by blood.   And we should surmise that, for that very reason, the
vassals of the Iriki-in lord may have expected a favorable treatment of their master at the hands of
the baron, and accordingly were inclined to resent all the more the policy of repression the latter
seemed deliberately to pursue against the lord's family.   Cordial outward relations doubtlessly sub-
sisted between the two through the succeeding generations, but we should imagine that no love was
lost between the baron's councillors at Kagoshima and Edo and the lord's vassals at Kiyoshiki.
   It will be remembered that after 1613 Shigetaka was at once ji-to of the Kiyoshiki to-zho and
lord of the Iriki domain, and that his charges and his own vassals lived promiscuously in the same
community; his successive heirs Shigemichi (1608-1632) and Shigeyori (1629-1667) seem also to
have served as ji-to in the same manner, while likewise inheriting the lordship.   The annoying
confusion which the arrangement must have entailed was remedied by the baron, in April 1659,
when the to-zho and the shi-ryo of Iriki were totally separated, geographically as well as institu-
tionally:   the six mura, To-no-hara, Ichiino, Naka-mura, Ku-ju, Kusu-moto, and Kura-no, were
organized into the to-zho of Kiyoshiki, and the zhu-chu, 179 samurai in all, according to the number
given in the Keto in shi, were transferred to To-no-hara, the new go of the to-zho.   The remaining
two mura, Ura-no-myo and Soeda, to which was retained the name Iriki in, were defined as the
hereditary domain of the lord.2   This established the exclusive spheres of theto-zho and the shi-ryo
but the nomenclature adopted in 1659 was unfortunate, since "Kiyoshiki" was the historic name of
the site of the family in Iriki in, coinciding in part with Ura-no-myo mura, and should in no way
apply to To-no-hara.   On the petition of Iriki-in Shigeharu (1651-1682), therefore, the two mura of
his domain regained the name Kiyoshiki, in June 1681, and to the to-zho was extended the appella-
tion. Hiwaki, the name of the fortress at To-no-hara.2   In the document A, of 1756 the to-zho
appears under that name.
   The separation in 1639 of the to-zho and the shi-ryo was probably an occasion for the loss by
the Iriki-in lord of the ji-to-ship of the former; at any rate Shigenori (1671-1735) was ji-to of
Chosa, and Sadakatsu (1736-1781), that of Kurino.   The to-zho over which their predecessors had
been ji-to now, in one part, had another ji-to and, in another, had been incorporated into the new
domain of a strange lord.3   The contracted domain of Kiyoshiki was a mere fraction of the territory
controlled by the Iriki-in at the height of their power, under Shigetoshi and Shigetomo, in the early
sixteenth century, and a moiety of even the moderate domain granted at the rehabilitation of the
house in the in.   Measured in koku, the domain could have once been little short of 15,000; in 1614,
it still was 6,287, (see No. 152 A); in the taka-register of 1632, it had been reduced to 4,489.4   In
1724, although the nominal taka was 5,117 koku, the domain had contained permanently damaged
tracts; in order to remedy this defect, the baron granted lands in Kamo assessed at 113 koku, in
Chosa at 102, and in To-no-hara at 1,000.2   It is not known whether with the new grants the total
real taka was brought up to the nominal, or how long the outside domains were held.   About that
time Iriki measured nearly thirty miles in circuit5 along its tortuously undulating boundaries, and
contained a mountainous area over which were sparsely dotted bits of arable land; even today the
hata still exceeds the ta in extent (910 to 602 cho).   When the baron Yoshitaka retired into the new
mansion built at Iso, on the coast directly north of Kagoshima, Iriki-in Tadakatsu was persuaded
P365
in 1739 to contribute nearly a half of his domain at Iriki, to the taka of 2,100 koku, toward the
maintenance of Yoshitaka's villa; twenty years later, on 16 June 1758, 1,000 koku of the sur-
rendered land was restored to Sadakatsu.2   Thus we find that the domain had, about 1800, dwindled
to but 3,262 koku (B below).   It is true that the actual, as distinguished from the official, productive
capacity of the domain was probably nearer 5,000 koku than 3,200; but, historic as the family was,
its vassalage remained undiminished in number.   About seven hundred of the nearly one thousand
families6 inhabiting the sphere were those of the dependent samurai.   There probably were few other
instances in the entire Shimadzu han of so many unproductive persons living upon so few peasants,
or of so small a domain supporting so great a number of vassals.   Few samurai at Kiyoshiki re-
ceived a holding larger than thirty koku, and the highest office-holder was satisfied with a kado of
twenty-five koku.   The finances were on so diminutive a scale that, at the annual distribution of
rice allowances, there was little need of a central granary or of an accounting by means of credit
checks, such as were in use in other domains, but actual quantities of rice were directly carried
from the fields into the dwellings of the vassals.   Despite this state of perpetual stringency, the lord
of Kiyoshiki was obliged to maintain at Kagoshima, like the more opulent lords in the barony, his
rather extensive residence which saw fifty or more persons in one capacity or another in daily
attendance.7

   The administrative organization was simple, although it could well have been simpler, had it not
been for the need of maintaining an appearance of respectability as a domain, in spite of its
meager resources.   In 1699, there were three yaku-nin as general administrators, one tori-harai yaku,
treasurer, two assistants(gyo-zhi) and two clerks(hissha); village affairs were under the supervision
of two kori-mi-me(inspectors of rural districts) and two assistants, supplemented by an inspector of
woods and bamboo-groves(chiku-boku mi-me).   The peasants of the two mura, Ura-no-myo and
Soeda, had each their head known in common with village-chiefs in other places as sho-ya.8




#154-A
                                                                             A
                           (Sasshu bun-gen cho, 1756, copied in 1845.)
   The first part, in which the lords and the Kagoshima shu-chu, all classed according to rank or
office, and the taka of their domains or rice allowances, are given, is here omitted.   This part is
concluded with the following lines:-
       "From the lord's personal guard9 down to the middle ko-sho:10
   167 samurai, between 500 and 100 koku,-24,110 koku;
     13 samurai, between 195 and 100 bales12 [of rice allowances11],-1515 bales of treasury rice;
1,543 samurai, between   99 and   10 koku,-29,369 koku;
1,479 samurai, between   50 and   20 bales,-43,615 bales of treasury rice
           "The companies (kumi) of Kagoshima:
     284 samurai, 27 bales [each],-7,668 bales of treasury rice.
   "Total taka, 304,12513 koku;
   total treasury rice [used as allowances], 66,13413 bales."

               "The go-shi.14
       "Satsuma kuni:-
Kagoshima kori,                     618 koku [for] 152 samuraiat Yoshida go;
Taniyama kori,                    1,407 koku [for] 339 samuraiat Taniyama go;
Ibusuki kori,                      1,686 koku [for] 318 samuraiat Ibusuki go,
                                            680 koku [for]   73 samuraiat Yamakawa go;
Ei kori,                                1,035 koku [for] 364 samuraiat Ei go;
Kawanabe kori,                     1,069 koku [for] 220 samuraiat Kawanabe go,
                                          2,552 koku [for] 553 samuraiat Kaseda go,
                                            258 koku [for]   90 samuraiat Yamada go,
P366
                                               1,710 koku [for]       46 samuraiat Bo-Tomari go,
                                                  111 koku [for]       69 samuraiat Kushi-Akime go;
Ada kori,                                      730 koku [for]     225 samuraiat Ada go,
                                                  479 koku [for]     218 samuraiat Tafuse go,
                                                1,405 koku [for]     394 samuraiat Isaku go;
Hioki kori,                                  1,729 koku [for]     246 samuraiat Izhuin go,
                                                   362 koku [for]     124 samuraiat Koriyama go,
                                                1,123 koku [for]     272 samuraiat Ichiku go,
                                                   804 koku [for]     227 samuraiat Kushikino go;
Satsuma kori,                               251 koku [for]       64 samuraiat Momotsugi go,
                                                   297 koku [for]       80 samuraiat Yamada go,
                                                   870 koku [for]     267 samuraiat Kuma-no-zho go,
                                                   155 koku [for]       98 samuraiat Takae go,
                                                     89 koku [for]       70 samuraiat Nakae go,
                                                   523 koku [for]     243 samuraiat Higashie go,
                                                   801 koku [for]     189 samuraiat Hiwaki go;
Isaku kori,                                    189 koku [for]       84 samuraiat Yamazaki go,
                                                   352 koku [for]       93 samuraiat Tsuruda go,
                                                   428 koku [for]     138 samuraiat Omura go,
                                                2,439 koku [for]     382 samuraiat Oguchi go,
                                                   345 koku [for]     148 samuraiat Hatzuki go,
                                                   319 koku [for]     104 samuraiat Yamano go;
Idzumikori,                                 5,513 koku [for] 1,004 samuraiat Idzumi go,
                                                   828 koku [for]     306 samuraiat Takaono go,
                                                   352 koku [for]     178 samuraiat Noda go,
                                                   700 koku [for]     321 samuraiat Nagashima go,
                                                   914 koku [for]     215 samuraiat Akune go;
Taki kori,                                      464 koku [for]     242 samuraiat Taki go,
                                                 1,206 koku [for]     159 samuraiat Midzuhiki go;
Koshiki-zhima kori,                        708 koku [for]     424 samuraiat Koshiki-zhima go.

       "Osumi kuni:-
Osumi kori,                                    524 koku [for]     512 samuraiat Sakura-zhima go,
                                                   241 koku [for]     162 samuraiat Ushine go,
                                                   106 koku [for]     188 samuraiat O-nezhime go,
                                                   317 koku [for]     278 samuraiat Ko-nezhime go,
                                                     60 koku [for]     179 samuraiat Sada go,
                                                   191 koku [for]     142 samuraiat Tashiro go;
Kimotsuki kori,                              227 koku [for]       60 samuraiat Uchi-no-ura go,
                                                1,770 koku [for]     226 samuraiat Koyama go,
                                                   492 koku [for]       78 samuraiat Era go,
                                                   324 koku [for]     115 samuraiat O-aira go,
                                                   912 koku [for]     127 samuraiat Kanoya go,
                                                   615 koku [for]     156 samuraiat Kushira go,
P367
                                                   403 koku [for]       49 samuraiat Takakuma go,
                                                   734 koku [for]     185 samuraiat Mobiki go;
So no kori,                                    610 koku [for]     118 samuraiat Tsuneyoshi go,
                                                2,535 koku [for]     416 samuraiat Sueyoshi go,
                                                1,344 koku [for]     420 samuraiat Takarabe go,
                                                   746 koku [for]     206 samuraiat Fukuyama go,
                                                   299 koku [for]     117 samuraiat Shikine go,
                                                 4,913 koku [for]     385 samuraiat Kokubu go,
                                                   641 koku [for]     266 samuraiat Kiyomidzu go,
                                                   592 koku [for]     269 samuraiat So-no-kori go;
Kuwabarai kori,                              364 koku [for]     127 samuraiat Odori go,
                                                   327 koku [for]       90 samuraiat Hinata-yama go,
                                                   462 koku [for]     148 samuraiat Yokogawa go,
                                                   777 koku [for]     234 samuraiat Kurino go,
                                                   504 koku [for]     223 samuraiat Yoshimatsu go;
Hishigari kori,                                258 koku [for]     135 samuraiat Yunowo go,
                                                   287 koku [for]     124 samuraiat Magoshi go,
                                                   283 koku [for]       98 samuraiat Sogi go,
                                                   401 koku [for]     175 samuraiat Hon-zho go;
Aira kori,                                      257 koku [for]       93 samuraiat Mizobe go,
                                                   981 koku [for]     361 samuraiat Chosa go,
                                                   376 koku [for]     167 samuraiat Yamada go,
                                                2,106 koku [for]     479 samuraiat Kamo go.

         "In Murakata kori, Hiuga kuni:-
   757 koku [for] 308 samuraiat Osaki go;
2,666 koku [for] 403 samuraiat Shibushi go;
   510 koku [for]   97 samuraiat Matsuyama go;
   581 koku [for]   52 samuraiat Katsuoka go;
   693 koku [for] 115 samuraiat Yamanokuchi go;
1,244 koku [for] 206 samuraiat Taka-zho go;
1,175 koku [for] 224 samuraiat Mukasa go;
   411 koku [for] 102 samuraiat Kuraoka go;
7,967 koku [for] 690 samuraiat Takaoka go;
   979 koku [for] 282 samuraiat Aya go;
1,015 koku [for] 271 samuraiat Nozhiri go;
   738 koku [for] 163 samuraiat Takabaru go;
   328 koku [for] 137 samuraiat Takasaki go;
  1181 koku [for] 342 samuraiat Kobayashi go;
   449 koku [for] 210 samuraiat Suki go;
2,020 koku [for] 338 samuraiat Iino go;
   773 koku [for] 268 samuraiat Kakuto go;
   238 koku [for]   94 samuraiat Makwanda go;
   250 koku [for] 145 samuraiat Yoshida go;
P368
       "Total, 20,297 men, of whom 15,070 are receivers of land-holdings;15
                                                                     650 are receivers of rice allowances,11
                                                                             aggregating 13,000 bales of treasury rice;
                                                                 4,577 are without emoluments.16

       "Total taka, 85,455 koku:
       total rice allowances, 13,000 bales.

           "[Shinto temples]:-
  60 koku, in Idzumi go, Idzumi kori, Satsuma kuni,-[for] Kashikuri zhin-zha;17
206 koku, in Ei go, Ei kori, Satsuma kuni,   [for] Hiragiki zhin-zha;
867 koku, in Midzuhiki go, Taki kori, Satsuma kuni,   [for] Niita Hachiman sha;17
762 koku, in Kokubu go, Kuwabara kori, Osumi kuni,   [for] Sho Hachiman gu;17
544 koku, in So no go, So no kori, Osumi kuni,   [for] Kirishima zhin-zha;
471 koku, in Osaki go, Morokata kori, Hiuga kuni,   [for] Iikuma-yama dai gon-gen.
                                                                                                                       13 zhin-zha.
           "[Buddhist churches]:-
   500 koku [for] Nan-sen in, the betto18 of To-sho gu;19
   880 koku [for] Dai-zho in, the place of prayer;20
1,460 koku [for] Fuku-sho zhi, the place of bodhi21
   400 koku [for] Zho-kwo-myo zhi, the place of bodhi
   150 bales of treasury rice [for] Dai-ryu zhi, the place of bodhi;
   400 koku [for] Nan-rin zhi, the place of bodhi
   380 koku [for] Myo-koku zhi, the place of bodhi,
   200 koku [for] Ko-koku zhi, the place of bodhi;
   400 koku [for] Zhu-koku zhi, the place of bodhi;
     20 koku [for] Fu-dan-kwo zhi, the place of bodhi;

   375 koku in Izhuin go, Hioki kori, Satsuma kuni,   [for] Myo-en zhi;
     33 koku in the same, same kuni,                   [for] Kwo-sai zhi;
   138 koku in Idzumi go, Idzumi kori, same kuni,   [for] Ko-zen zhi,betto18 of
                                                                                                                     Kashikuri zhin-zha;
   233 koku in Kaseda go, Kawanabe kori, same kuni,   [for] Nisshin zhi, the place
                                                                                                                     of bodhi;
   279 koku in Bo-Tomari go, Kawanabe kori, same kuni,   [for] Ichi-zho in, the place
                                                                                                                     of prayer;
     20 koku in Koriyama go, Hioki kori, same kuni,   [for] Byo-do-wo in, the place
                                                                                                                     of prayer;
   301 koku in Kokubu go, Kuwabara kori, Osumi kuni,   [for] Mi-roku in, betto18of
                                                                                                                     Sho Hachiman gu;
     30 koku in Chosa go, Aira kori, same kuni,   [for] Gwan-zho zhi, the place
                                                                                                                     of bodhi;
   176 koku in Takabaru go, Morokata kori, Hiuga Kuni,
     and 75 bales of treasury rice,                                       [for] Zhin toku in;
   566 koku in Shibushi go, Morokata kori, same kuni,             [for] Dai-zhi zhi;
     33 koku in same                                                       [for] Ho-man zhi.
P369
4,922 koku                                                     [for] 253 zhi and in.
   190 bales of treasury reice                                             5 zhi and in.

"46,150 bales of treasury rice [for] 1,846 ashi-garu;22
  23,400 bales of treasury rice [for] 1,300 men without family-names.23
"98,000 koku [for] the Chu-san wo,24 Ryu-kyu.

   "Total taka, 105,920 koku;
   total rice allowances, 69.965 bales;
           support for the he-ya zumai25 is never granted.


"Grand total taka, 495,500 koku;
grand total rice allowances, 149,099 bales, containing 2 to each,
       being 29,819.8 koku;
       reduced in taka in koku, 85,199.428, at 35 per cent.
"Total of the two items, taka, 580,699.428 koku.
       "The statement is made thus.
           "Revised Ho-reki 6 y., Hinoe ne,26 10 m. [November 1756].
               "Copied in the middle of the 9 m., Ko-kwa 2 y. kinoto mi,27
               [November 1845]                                         Matsui Noriharu, (seal)."




#154-B
                                                            B
                                                 (Satsuma fu-do ki, I.)
This is an unofficial record, whose accuracy the editor does not vouch for.   The document is undated,
but was apparently written some time after 1805.

           "The lord's relateives:28
Kajiki, taka 10,554.99043   koku,-     Shimadzu Hyo-go dono;
Miyako-no-zho,   25,305             koku,-     Shimadzu Tetsu-kuma dono,

                                                                                                           .................;29
Tarumidzu,           17,455.005     koku,-     Shimadzu Bitchu dono;
Ima-idzumi,         10,593             koku,-     Shimadzu Inaba dono;
Shigeta,               13,962             koku,-     Shimadzu Hizen dono;
Miya-no-zho,       15,310             koku,-     Shimadzu To-sho dono;
Tane-ga-shima,   13,705             koku,-     Shimadzu Ryu-no-suke dono;
Hioki,                     7,659             koku,-     Shimadzu Yamashiro dono.
       "These are the lord's kinsmen, being dai-myo30 without services.31

           "[The holders of domains to be] held exclusively by the lord's relatives:32
Kiire         taka   5,762 koku,-     Kimotsuki Dan-zho dono;
Chirami,                             5,400 koku,-     Shimadzu Moku dono;
Kago,                                   3,745 koku,-     Kiire Shume dono;
Nagayoshi,                         4,282 koku,-     Shimadzu Tonomo dono;
Yoshitoshi,                       4,432 koku,-     Kohashi Tatewaki dono;
Hiranuma,                           2,480 koku,-     Hongo Sho-zen dono;
P370
Iriki,                                 3,262 koku,-     Iriki-in Iwami dono;
Suzumeda,                           1,650 koku,-     Yokoyama Sa-kyo dono;
Kuroki,                               1,228 koku,-     Shimadzu Nai-zen dono;
Sashi,                                 2,632 koku,-     Shimadzu Sa-chu dono;
Shin-zho,                           4,214 koku,-     Shimadzu Kura dono;
Hanazono,                           5,125 koku,-     Shimadzu Dai-gaku dono;
Ichiku,                               1,692 koku,-     Shimadzu U-zen dono.
   "These owe no services;31 the lord's relatives.33

           "Chiefs of the zhu-chu of the elders of the Shimadzu house:34
Kawakami dono,     Yoshioka dono,   Kabayama dono,   Niiro dono,
Nikaido dono,       Akamatsu dono,   Yoshida dono,     Ichida dono
Kawada [?] dono, Izhuin dono,       Miyabara dono,   Kamada dono
Shimadzu Noboru [?] dono.
   "These are called the lord's dai-myo.30

"Besides [these], go ke-nin35 and samurai receiving taka, more than 19,000 men,
       go-shi in mura of the various kuni.
"Total number of samurai, more than 57,000 men;
   total taka, 333,247.276 koku.
"Men of the to-zho,
   taka, 111,455.113 koku.
"Total taka of Satsuma, Osumi, and Hiuga, and Ryu-kyu, 871,845.1034 koku.
"Taka of Shinto temples and Buddhist churches, 15,210 koku.
           "Added to mountains, seas, rivers, and islands, the total is about three million
       [koku].36   However, the best part of the islands is excepted, whose [taka] is
       unknown.   Also, profits of the trading vessels37   are excluded; the value of foreign
       goods38 is unknown."



1 In an order of 1638 relative to the military service of the Amakusa campaign, the Iriki-in lord is one of the six ministers of the baron signing the decree: SK, supp., XXIX. 2 The Iriki-in genealogy. 3Keto in shi. 4 SK, supp., XVI. 5 Iriki so-mawari narabi ni fumoto sho-ji made no nawa-biki cho, ms., dated 1699. The register of the present Iriki mura gives its area as 4,045 cho. 6 Today Iriki mura, consisting of the same territory as in 1659, is inhabited by 1285 families, of which some 630 are of the samurai's descendants; the population at the end of 1921 was 3967 males and 4019 females, total 7986. 7 These data were gathered personally by the editor in 1919 at Iriki from surviving ex-samurai and old residents. 8 Iriki so-mawari, etc. 9 Uma-mawari, literally, around [the lord's] horse. 10 Ko-sho, see No. 152, n. 19. 11 Kura-mai, literally, rice of the warehouses, meaning rice allowances distributed from the baron's storehouses. The process was usually simplified by means of tickets and checks. 12 Hyo or tawara, bales made of straw. The size of a bale varied in different parts of Japan, the commonest size containing 3 or 3 1/2 to of hulled rice. In the Shimadzu barony, the official bail at this period held 2 to. 13 These are the totals of all the amounts recorded up to this point in the document. P371 14 The same as the shu-chu of the to-zho; see No. 152. 15 Ji-kata, relating to land-holdings. 16 Roku, emolument. 17 Zhin-zha or sha and gu were different customary grades of Shinto temples, gu being considered the more distinguished. 18 Betto, priest in charge of the Buddhist house connected with the Shinto temple. It will be remembered that many a Shinto temple had a Buddhist church attached to it, whose priests ad- ministered the worldly affairs of the former and performed Buddhist rites for its deity. 19 To-sho gu (so called after 1645; previously called To-sho dai gon-gen) was the Shinto temple dedicated to the spirit of Tokugawa Ieyasu. The central temple was built at Nikko in 1617. Subse- quently, all baronies built To-sho gu. 20 Dai-zho in was established at Kagoshima in 1571, and was constituted a church of prayer (ki-gwan sho) for the Shimadzu. 21 Bo-dai sho, churches in which the bodhi(Japanese, bo-dai), enlightenment and salvation, of ancestral spirits of the family was prayed for. 22 Ashi-garu, literally, "foot-light" or "light foot," warriors on foot of the lower rank. 23 Myo-zhi or sei, family-names, could be borne usually only by persons above the samurai rank. 24 Wo, Chinese wang, king. 25 He-ya zumai, literally, "dwellers in rooms," were minors receiving no stipends. 26 The thirteenth of the cycle. 27 The forty-second. 28 Go ka-mon kata. 29 A note is omitted. 30 Dai-myo, literally, "great names," probably meant at first great (dai) holders of myo-den, (see No. 7). In the Tokugawa period, the word technically meant barons whose fiefs had taka more than 10,000 koku. It is used here, however, in the sense of great lords under the Shimadzu baron. 31 What service (yaku) is meant cannot be determined. 32 The whole phrase is: Go ka-mon mochi-kiri kata. 33 Go ka-mon shu. 34 Ke, "household"; this means following by ties of vassalage, not members of the baron's family. 35 Go ke-nin, the term used in the earlier periods for the sho-gun's immediate vassals, as dis- tinguished from his rear-vassals. Here the word seems to mean some of the baron's direct vassals of a lower rank. For the go-kenin of the Tokugawa sho-gun, see Introduction to the history of Japan, by Prof. K. Hara, p. 294. 36 This is extravagant. It is certain that the real wealth of the Shimadzu barony, inclusive of the islands, exceeded the official figures, despite the fact that its finances were not always affluent and its inhabitants habitually practised strict economy in their private life. A note in a manuscript sketch-book called An-sei Bun-kyu zassho, the taka of the entire barony is estimated roughly as 9,800,000 koku, including probably all the items whose taka is not estimated in the present document. 37 Satsuma continued trade relations with Ryu-kyu and China; its profits must have been considerable. 38 To-motsu, literally, Chinese things, but really meaning all foreign wares.